The 3D Project: Development and evaluation of a multidimensional universal program addressing three interrelated behavioral influences on doping behavior

Summary: We have identified two significant gaps in the implementation of anti-doping interventions: 1) Programs do not specifically target body image, one of the most important individual psychological factors related to APES use; and 2) Programs are typically implemented to selective audiences at a time that may be too late to meaningfully influence attitudes, intentions, and social norms, thus limiting their effectiveness. Our research aims to address these gaps by developing and evaluating a multidimensional prevention program that focuses on the interrelated influences of body image, use of supplements, and individual attitudes and social norms towards doping and APES use delivered in a school setting.